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description: Creation and development process of Context Effect Ontology
---

# Context Effect

[OWL file of the ontology](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ranacoskun/cognitive_bias_ontology/main/ContextEffect/Context_Effect.owl)

[Visualize the ontology with WebVOWL](https://service.tib.eu/webvowl/#iri=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ranacoskun/cognitive_bias_ontology/main/ContextEffect/Context_Effect.owl)

<figure><img src="https://2367717342-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FmQImcgmcvWGKNcmx6uF1%2Fuploads%2FVlMC856lCMAJ3Uh3qxLd%2FContext_Effect.png?alt=media&#x26;token=2fb75356-49a1-4643-b381-05c6533915cc" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="http://owlgred.lumii.lv/online_visualization/111i">Visualization using OWLGrEd</a></p></figcaption></figure>

## The definitions created by ChatGPT&#x20;

### Give me a definition of "Context effect".

A context effect refers to the influence that the surrounding environment or circumstances have on perception, cognition, decision-making, or behavior. This effect suggests that how something is perceived or understood can be significantly impacted by the context in which it is presented or experienced. Context effects can manifest in various ways, such as priming, framing, or situational cues, and they play a crucial role in shaping human experiences and responses to stimuli.

### Give me 10 example scenarios of "Context effect"

Certainly, here are ten examples of context effects:

1. Restaurant Pricing: The perception of a meal's value may vary depending on whether it's priced at a fine dining establishment or a casual eatery, even if the quality and quantity of the food are the same.
2. Advertising Placement: A product advertised in a prestigious magazine may be perceived as higher quality compared to the same product advertised in a tabloid, simply due to the different contexts in which the ads appear.
3. Color Perception: The same shade of blue may appear brighter or darker depending on the colors surrounding it. For instance, the blue might seem brighter against a dark background but darker against a lighter background.
4. Memory Recall: Memories of an event can be influenced by the environment in which they are recalled. For example, a past vacation might seem more enjoyable when reminiscing about it during a pleasant gathering with friends.
5. Social Behavior: People may behave differently in a formal business meeting compared to a casual social gathering, adapting their behavior based on the context of the situation.
6. Judicial Decisions: Legal judgments may vary based on factors such as courtroom decorum, presentation of evidence, and the demeanor of those involved, highlighting the influence of context on decision-making.
7. Product Packaging: Consumers may perceive the same product differently depending on its packaging, associating certain designs or colors with higher quality or specific attributes.
8. Language Comprehension: The meaning of a word or phrase can change depending on the context in which it is used. For instance, the word "bank" can refer to a financial institution or the side of a river, with the context determining its interpretation.
9. Emotional Responses: Emotions can be influenced by the environment, with individuals experiencing different emotional reactions depending on the context. For example, a sad movie might evoke stronger emotions when watched alone compared to when watched in a crowded theater.
10. Educational Settings: Learning outcomes may vary depending on the learning environment, with factors such as classroom layout, teaching style, and peer interactions all contributing to the context effect on academic performance.

### Consider the scenario "Restaurant Pricing" and give me a small user story from it.

User Story: As a budget-conscious diner, I want to enjoy a delicious meal without overspending, so I decide to visit a nearby restaurant known for its affordable prices. However, upon entering the restaurant, I notice the elegant decor and upscale ambiance, which makes me hesitate momentarily. Despite my initial reservations, I decide to stay and peruse the menu. As I glance through the offerings, I find that the prices are slightly higher than I expected for a casual dining experience. Nevertheless, I rationalize that the sophisticated atmosphere might indicate higher quality food and service. In the end, I choose to order a meal, considering both the menu options and the perceived value based on the restaurant's context.

### If you should make an ontology of the "Context effect", what classes and properties would you create?

Creating an ontology for the "Context Effect" involves identifying relevant classes (concepts) and properties (relationships) to represent the various aspects and relationships within this domain. Here's a simplified ontology:

**Classes:**

1. Context: Represents the environment, circumstances, or setting in which an effect occurs.
2. Stimulus: Represents the object, event, or situation to which an individual is exposed.
3. Perception: Represents the individual's interpretation or understanding of a stimulus.
4. Behavior: Represents the actions or responses exhibited by an individual in response to a stimulus.
5. Cognition: Represents mental processes such as thinking, reasoning, and decision-making influenced by context.
6. Memory: Represents the storage and retrieval of information influenced by context.
7. Emotion: Represents the affective responses influenced by context.
8. Judgment/Decision: Represents the process of making a choice or reaching a conclusion influenced by context.

**Properties:**

1. hasContext: Describes the relationship between a stimulus and the context in which it is presented.
2. affectsPerception: Describes how a context affects an individual's perception of a stimulus.
3. influencesBehavior: Describes how a context influences an individual's behavior in response to a stimulus.
4. impactsCognition: Describes how a context impacts an individual's cognitive processes.
5. modifiesMemory: Describes how a context modifies an individual's memory storage and retrieval.
6. elicitsEmotion: Describes how a context elicits emotional responses in individuals.
7. guidesJudgment: Describes how a context guides an individual's judgment or decision-making process.

**Relationships:**

1. Context affects Perception, Behavior, Cognition, Memory, Emotion, and Judgment: These relationships illustrate the multidimensional impact of context on various aspects of human experience and behavior.
2. Stimulus is presented in a Context: This relationship captures the association between a stimulus and the context in which it is encountered.

**Example Instances:**

* Context: Fine dining restaurant
* Stimulus: Menu prices
* Perception: Higher quality food due to the upscale ambiance
* Behavior: Decision to order despite higher prices
* Cognition: Justification of higher prices based on perceived quality
* Memory: Enhanced memory of the dining experience due to the elegant setting
* Emotion: Elevated enjoyment attributed to the luxurious environment
* Judgment/Decision: Selection of a meal influenced by the perceived value in the context of the restaurant's ambiance and reputation.

### Competency Questions

1. How does the context in which information is presented influence individuals' perceptions, judgments, and decision making?
2. In what ways do environmental cues shape the interpretation and recall of information?
3. What role does the physical, social, and cultural context play in modulating cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and reasoning?
4. How do individual differences in sensitivity to contextual cues affect susceptibility to the Context Effect?

## Classes and Properties We Have Used&#x20;

**Our Classes:**

ContextEffect: Subclass of Bias, specifically representing Context Effect.

Context: Represents the environment or situation.

CognitiveBias: Represents the overarching concept of cognitive biases.

Perception: The process by which individuals organize, interpret, and make sense of sensory information from the environment.

BiasedAgent: Represents an entity that experiences the bias.

**Our Properties:**

hasStimulus: Describes the relationship between an individual and the stimulus they are exposed to.

isAffectedBy: Describes the relationship between a cognitive bias and an individual on the base of influence.

influences: An entity having and effect on the other entity

isBoundTo: Reflects the relationship between Context Effect and entity that it is bound to.

### **Chosen Framester Frames**

* People ([https://w3id.org/framester/data/framestercore/People](https://w3id.org/framester/data/framestercore/People))&#x20;

This frame contains general words for Individuals, i.e. humans. The Person is conceived of as independent of other specific individuals with whom they have relationships and independent of their participation in any particular activity. They may have an Age, Descriptor, Origin, Persistent\_characteristic, or Ethnicity. A man from Phoenix was shot yesterday. She gave birth to a screaming baby yesterday. I study 16-year-old female adolescents. I am dating an African-American man. She comforted the terrified child. I always thought of him as a stupid man.&#x20;

* Deciding ([https://w3id.org/framester/data/framestercore/Deciding](https://w3id.org/framester/data/framestercore/Deciding) )

A Cognizer makes a Decision, which may be about an entity or a course of action. How (and whether) this frame is distinct from Choosing is currently up for debate. Mo decided to quit the program.  @en

### **Used Content ODPs**

* Reaction ([http://ontologydesignpatterns.org/wiki/Submissions:Reaction](http://ontologydesignpatterns.org/wiki/Submissions:Reaction)) &#x20;

To model dynamic situations, tracking agents and actions they produce, events that are results of some action(s), and consequences as new actions, i.e. reactions. &#x20;

* DOLCE+DnS Ultralite ([http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#](http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl) )

To provide a set of upper level concepts that can be the basis for easier interoperability among many middle and lower level ontologies.

### **Other ontologies used**

emotion:Stimulus : The Stimulus class representing any object shown to the user.

rdfs:subClassOf : The subject is a subclass of a class.

cbcm:Behaviour : Behaviour is the set of actions and mannerisms made by systems (biological or otherwise) in response to stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary.
